The small-signal performance of ported loudspeakers is described in an excellent way by traditional models, such as lumped parameters, waveguide models, or numerical solutions of the acoustic wave equation. However, the acoustic models are clearly insufficient to predict the nonlinear behavior of ported enclosures. This paper presents the results of a computational fluid dynamics analysis of an unlined ported enclosure, focusing on the behavior around the tuning frequency. The results indicate that the vortex formation around the port ends has a significant effect already at a relatively low flow velocities and that the transient behavior of the vortex field can differ from that predicted by the acoustical solution.
https://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=18421
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