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M. Blencowe, "Noise in Triodes with Particular Reference to Phono Preamplifiers," J. Audio Eng. Soc., vol. 61, no. 11, pp. 911-916, (2013 November.). doi: M. Blencowe, "Noise in Triodes with Particular Reference to Phono Preamplifiers," J. Audio Eng. Soc., vol. 61 Issue 11 pp. 911-916, (2013 November.). doi:
Abstract: Several types of triodes tubes that are popular in audio preamplifiers were tested under typical operating conditions to determine the relationships between noise and operating conditions. In most cases the total noise in the audio band was dominated by the flicker effect. Most triodes exhibit an optimum anode current at which the equivalent input-noise voltage reaches a minimum, and this current value is relatively consistent between samples of the same type. In general, high-gm triode types are likely to exhibit superior noise figures compared to low-gm types for a given mean anode current. Reduced heater voltage tends to reduce equivalent input noise at small anode currents, but tends to increase it at higher anode currents. A general formula for estimating the equivalent input-noise voltage for any conventional small-signal audio triode, at rated heater voltage, is presented.

@article{blencowe2013noise,
author={blencowe, merlin},
journal={journal of the audio engineering society},
title={noise in triodes with particular reference to phono preamplifiers},
year={2013},
volume={61},
number={11},
pages={911-916},
doi={},
month={november},} @article{blencowe2013noise,
author={blencowe, merlin},
journal={journal of the audio engineering society},
title={noise in triodes with particular reference to phono preamplifiers},
year={2013},
volume={61},
number={11},
pages={911-916},
doi={},
month={november},
abstract={several types of triodes tubes that are popular in audio preamplifiers were tested under typical operating conditions to determine the relationships between noise and operating conditions. in most cases the total noise in the audio band was dominated by the flicker effect. most triodes exhibit an optimum anode current at which the equivalent input-noise voltage reaches a minimum, and this current value is relatively consistent between samples of the same type. in general, high-gm triode types are likely to exhibit superior noise figures compared to low-gm types for a given mean anode current. reduced heater voltage tends to reduce equivalent input noise at small anode currents, but tends to increase it at higher anode currents. a general formula for estimating the equivalent input-noise voltage for any conventional small-signal audio triode, at rated heater voltage, is presented.},}

TY - report
TI - Noise in Triodes with Particular Reference to Phono Preamplifiers
SP - 911 EP - 916
AU - Blencowe, Merlin
PY - 2013
JO - Journal of the Audio Engineering Society
IS - 11
VO - 61
VL - 61
Y1 - November 2013 TY - report
TI - Noise in Triodes with Particular Reference to Phono Preamplifiers
SP - 911 EP - 916
AU - Blencowe, Merlin
PY - 2013
JO - Journal of the Audio Engineering Society
IS - 11
VO - 61
VL - 61
Y1 - November 2013
AB - Several types of triodes tubes that are popular in audio preamplifiers were tested under typical operating conditions to determine the relationships between noise and operating conditions. In most cases the total noise in the audio band was dominated by the flicker effect. Most triodes exhibit an optimum anode current at which the equivalent input-noise voltage reaches a minimum, and this current value is relatively consistent between samples of the same type. In general, high-gm triode types are likely to exhibit superior noise figures compared to low-gm types for a given mean anode current. Reduced heater voltage tends to reduce equivalent input noise at small anode currents, but tends to increase it at higher anode currents. A general formula for estimating the equivalent input-noise voltage for any conventional small-signal audio triode, at rated heater voltage, is presented.