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BR. E.. Koenig, DO. S.. Lacey, C. Grigoras, SU. GA. Price, and JE. M.. Smith, "Evaluation of the Average DC Offset Values for Nine Small Digital Audio Recorders," J. Audio Eng. Soc., vol. 61, no. 6, pp. 439-448, (2013 June.). doi: BR. E.. Koenig, DO. S.. Lacey, C. Grigoras, SU. GA. Price, and JE. M.. Smith, "Evaluation of the Average DC Offset Values for Nine Small Digital Audio Recorders," J. Audio Eng. Soc., vol. 61 Issue 6 pp. 439-448, (2013 June.). doi:
Abstract: Scientific authentication of recordings in forensic evaluations depends on having a reliable collection of parameters that can be used to determine originality, alterations, editing, and rerecording. DC offset, which is intrinsic to all electronics, is a possible candidate for such evaluations. Nine small digital audio recorders and five audio formats were measured to determine if they displayed sufficient salient characteristics to make meaningful comparisons between submitted audio files and exemplar recordings. The wide variation and inconsistency of DC offset in relation to the observed standard deviation precluded the use of this parameter.

@article{koenig2013evaluation,
author={koenig, bruce e. and lacey, douglas s. and grigoras, catalin and price, suzana galic and smith, jeff m.},
journal={journal of the audio engineering society},
title={evaluation of the average dc offset values for nine small digital audio recorders},
year={2013},
volume={61},
number={6},
pages={439-448},
doi={},
month={june},} @article{koenig2013evaluation,
author={koenig, bruce e. and lacey, douglas s. and grigoras, catalin and price, suzana galic and smith, jeff m.},
journal={journal of the audio engineering society},
title={evaluation of the average dc offset values for nine small digital audio recorders},
year={2013},
volume={61},
number={6},
pages={439-448},
doi={},
month={june},
abstract={scientific authentication of recordings in forensic evaluations depends on having a reliable collection of parameters that can be used to determine originality, alterations, editing, and rerecording. dc offset, which is intrinsic to all electronics, is a possible candidate for such evaluations. nine small digital audio recorders and five audio formats were measured to determine if they displayed sufficient salient characteristics to make meaningful comparisons between submitted audio files and exemplar recordings. the wide variation and inconsistency of dc offset in relation to the observed standard deviation precluded the use of this parameter.},}

TY - paper
TI - Evaluation of the Average DC Offset Values for Nine Small Digital Audio Recorders
SP - 439 EP - 448
AU - Koenig, Bruce E.
AU - Lacey, Douglas S.
AU - Grigoras, Catalin
AU - Price, Suzana Galic
AU - Smith, Jeff M.
PY - 2013
JO - Journal of the Audio Engineering Society
IS - 6
VO - 61
VL - 61
Y1 - June 2013 TY - paper
TI - Evaluation of the Average DC Offset Values for Nine Small Digital Audio Recorders
SP - 439 EP - 448
AU - Koenig, Bruce E.
AU - Lacey, Douglas S.
AU - Grigoras, Catalin
AU - Price, Suzana Galic
AU - Smith, Jeff M.
PY - 2013
JO - Journal of the Audio Engineering Society
IS - 6
VO - 61
VL - 61
Y1 - June 2013
AB - Scientific authentication of recordings in forensic evaluations depends on having a reliable collection of parameters that can be used to determine originality, alterations, editing, and rerecording. DC offset, which is intrinsic to all electronics, is a possible candidate for such evaluations. Nine small digital audio recorders and five audio formats were measured to determine if they displayed sufficient salient characteristics to make meaningful comparisons between submitted audio files and exemplar recordings. The wide variation and inconsistency of DC offset in relation to the observed standard deviation precluded the use of this parameter.