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The acoustical output of loudspeaker systems is usually measured in the far field under anechoic conditions requiring a large measurement distance and special treatment of the room (absorbing room boundaries, air condition). Also the measurements of directivity characteristics at sufficient angular resolution are also very time consuming. The measurement in the near field of the sound source provides significant benefits (dominant direct sound, higher SNR, less climate impact) but requires a scanning process and a holographic processing of the measured data. This paper describes the theoretical basis of the new measurement technique and the practical consequences for the loudspeaker diagnostics.
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We present a novel time-dependent simulation method to calculate the response of a loudspeaker motor. The model allows for the simulation of complex signals and predicts the large-signal behavior including motor nonlinearities using only the motor geometry and material parameters without the need to measure physical samples. The transient large-signal simulation is made possible by the implementation of a moving-mesh algorithm for the displacement of the voice coil. Two motor geometries are simulated with different input signals, ranging from simple sine to complex random signals. The method provides previously unavailable insight into effects of flux modulation. The results are validated against a lumped parameter model and experimental measurements. The presented method can be used to compare different motor geometries before the prototyping stage, which is a useful tool for loudspeaker transducer engineers.
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The authors revisit the topic of online electrical system identification with adaptive filters for dynamic loudspeakers and investigate into the causality of the plant loudspeaker systems to be identified. The effects of the non-causal portion of plant system are analyzed and simulated results establish the link between the non-causality in impulse response and the voice coil inductance. The improvements of introducing necessary delay to the desired signal are proposed to enable the characterization of such non-causality. The proposed architecture with small delay extends the working bandwidth of online loudspeaker system identification and improves the accuracy of existing adaptive identification schemes without delays, which are traditionally restricted to run at low frequency bands.
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One of the more prevalent buzzwords in education today, project-based learning is a natural fit for the audio engineering classroom. With students that thrive by working toward a common goal or “learning by doing,” this constructivist framework is worth examining as implemented by educators. This paper discusses project-based learning as implemented in an audio engineering classroom to facilitate audio storytelling and provides recommendations for faculty looking to implement project-based learning into their curriculum.
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This paper reports on the first phase of a comparative project to build a Graduate Audio Database (GAD) of North American colleges and universities (N=66) offering 86 Master’s degrees. Data came from available information drawn from institutional websites, course descriptions, professional and educational organizations, and targeted keyword searches. Each credential received categorization across seven areas. Results indicate that 38% of institutions list the Master of Fine Arts (MFA) as the most common degree offering and 92% of universities emphasize the creative aspects of audio and sound. This paper explores the role of action research to build an exploratory review of graduate-level audio degrees and reflect on how decision-making affects postgraduate curricular mapping.
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This paper was posted approximately 10 days before the convention along with all the other papers for this convention. It has been removed because there was no presentation at the convention.
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This paper was posted approximately 10 days before the convention along with all the other papers for this convention. It has been removed because there was no presentation at the convention.
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Over the last 25 years, scientists and engineers have written extensively about methods to reduce distortion in loudspeakers with Digital Signal Processing (DSP). Despite the several proposed solutions, no formal product exists on the market today that employs distortion reduction. In this paper the answer to some fundamental questions about what is required to make substantial improvements in loudspeaker performance is investigated through computer simulations. This research examines the level of volume achievable while still maintaining acceptable levels of distortion. Transducer designs that are best suited for this application are studied and identified.
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The electrodynamic transducers’ that are used in mobile devices are typically prone to voice coil overheating and excessive excursion of the membrane. The paper focuses on the second aspect. Nonlinear distortion is known to depend on membrane excursion amplitude. High sound pressure at low frequencies also requires the maximum vibration amplitude. But now the sound balance is at stake. Thus, we face the challenge of finding the optimal relation between the sound balance and the level of audible distortion to obtain the maximum subjective quality evaluation.
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The relationship between the non-linear phenomenon of “reluctance force” and the position dependency of the voice coil inductance was established in 1949 by Cunningham, who called it “magnetic attraction force.” This paper revisits Cunningham’s analysis and expands it into a generalized form that includes the frequency dependency and applies to coils with non-inductive (lossy) blocked-impedance. The paper also demonstrates that Cunningham’s force can be explained physically as a modulation of the force factor that again is directly linked to modulation of the flux of the coil. A verification based on both experiments and simulations is presented along discussions of the impact of force factor modulation for various motor topologies. Finally, it is shown that the popular L2R2 coil impedance model does not correctly predict the force unless the new analysis is applied.
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