A variety of loudness models have been recently proposed and tested by various means. In this paper, some basic properties of loudness are examined, and a set of artificial signals are designed to test the "loudness space" based on principles dating back to Harvey Fletcher, or arguably to Wegel and Lane. Some of these signals, designed to model "typical" content, seem to reinforce the results of prior loudness model testing. Other signals, less typical of standard content, seem to show that there are some substantial differences when these less common signals and signal spectra are used.
https://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=14716
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